Information technology competencies for entry-level human resource strategic partners

Orientation: Advances in information technology (IT) have prompted the transition of the human resource management (HRM) function from being administrative to strategic. Whilst it has been established that IT has an important role in such a transition, it is not clear to what extent the development of IT competencies would enable HRM professionals to be strategic. Research purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine the IT competencies that will enable entry-level South African HRM professionals to be strategic partners to business. Motivation for the study: The findings of this study will contribute to the effective use of HR technology, thereby mitigating risk and enriching the role of the HR function in local organisations. The use of technology within the HRM function can be enhanced leading to improved data-driven people decisions. Research approach, design and method: A quantitative research design using a cross-sectional survey was employed. Data collected from 252 HR professionals were analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Multiple regression was used to establish the relationship between the identified factors and strategic business partnering. Main findings: The results produced a three-factor model consisting of: (1) technologising employee processes, (2) processing data expertly and (3) translating external trends. These factors explained 34% of the variance in strategic business partnering. Practical implications: The results of this study have implications for organisations with HRM functions and for higher education institutions (HEIs) offering HRM qualifications. Organisations should utilise the identified competencies when hiring and developing entry-level strategic HRM business partners. Higher education institutions should develop curriculum that would prepare graduates to be effective HRM professionals. Contributions or value-add: This study adds to the limited research on IT competencies required of HRM professionals to contribute as strategic business partners.


Introduction
The human resource management (HRM) function has been evolving over the years and quite substantially during the last two decades, because of the rapid technological and related advances in the world of work (Marler & Fisher, 2013). The HRM profession also continues to evolve to accommodate changes both external and internal to the organisation (Binuyo & Brevis-Landsberg, 2014;Marler & Fisher, 2013;Samkarpad, 2013).
Theoretically, this study has roots in human capital theory, whereby people's learning and learning capacities compare to other resources utilised in obtaining organisational success (Nafukho, Hairston, & Brooks, 2004).
Thus, human capital theory attempts to clarify how education and training can be a form of investment in HRs. From the same perspective, education is viewed as deliberate ventures to prepare the labour force and increase productivity of both individuals and organisations (Nafukho et al., 2004).
Thus, the identification of IT competencies will guide the development of HRM curricula in higher education institutions (HEIs), which, in turn, will lead to better equipped present and future workplace-ready for HRM professionals. By improving the utilisation of HR information, such professionals will also support organisations in South Africa by providing strategic solutions to business partners. Furthermore, the identification of IT competencies for entry-level HRM professionals will enable organisations to determine which skills sets professionals must bring to the organisation.

Research objectives
The objectives of this study are: • to establish the factors associated with IT competencies that enable entry-level HRM professionals to be strategic partners to business • to determine how the identified IT competencies required of entry-level HR professionals relate to strategic business partnering.

Competencies and behavioural indicators
Competencies have been described as the knowledge, skills and attributes an individual should have to perform a particular task (McClelland, 1973;McEvoy et al., 2005;Younger, Brockbank, & Ulrich, 2012). Competencies are also described as broad concepts that incorporate demonstrable performance outputs and behavioural inputs, and are variously categorised as behavioural or technical in nature (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development [CIPD], 2014). Spencer and Spencer (1993) describe competencies as underlying characteristics that have causal relationships to superior job or situational performance. For the purpose of this study, the description and categorisation offered by McClelland (1973) is used. Whilst McClelland describes competencies as knowledge, skills and attributes, it may not be possible to identify a particular competency as knowledge, skill or attribute exclusively. In order for someone to display competence in a particular area, a combination of knowledge, skills and attributes relevant to a particular area must be exhibited. In such instances, isolating only the knowledge, skill or attribute associated with that area may be challenging.
Competencies, or behavioural indicators that comprise competencies, can be written either formatively or reflectively. Reflective indicators enable an individual to reflect on whether a competency is indicated (Brinckmann, 2007), whilst formative indicators enable an individual to improve at a selected competency.
Formative competencies pinpoint what indicators people must possess to be considered competent (Brinckmann, 2007). In this study, competencies are described using formative behavioural indicators.

Human resource technology
Human resource technology encompasses the use of integrated software and hardware for automating various HR tasks in organisations (Hawking, Stein, & Foster, 2004). Human resource information can be extracted and applied to make strategic HR decisions (Nagendra & Deshpande, 2014). The use of technology reduces administrative load, allowing HR professionals to focus on their strategic role. Furthermore, improved HR information analysis heightens the strategic contribution that the HR function could make to organisational success (Kovach, Hughes, Fagan, & Maggitti, 2002). The use of HR information systems (HRISs) is viewed as an opportunity for organisations to ensure that their HR function participates more in the operations of the organisation (Barrett & Oborn, 2013;Sadiq, Khan, & Ikhlaq, 2012;Stone & Deadrick, 2015). Whilst some organisations use HRISs to reduce costs and to facilitate improved communication, others use such systems to re-orient HR operations which, in turn, improves the strategic contribution of the HR function (Sadiq et al., 2012;Zhang & Wang, 2006).
The use of HR technology can highlight areas of HR risk. Proper monitoring and analysis of HR information can prompt HR professionals to take actions to minimise negative risk and maximise positive risk (Farndale, Paauwe, & Boselie, 2010). Contrarily, by not using HR information, HR professionals potentially expose themselves and their organisations to different forms of risk. Paul and Mitlacher (2008) argue that strategy-oriented HR risk systems can facilitate the transition of the HR function towards being more professional and strategic.
Amidst all the research related to the role of technology in the HR function and its ability to contribute strategically, the competencies of the HR professionals interacting with these HRISs are seldom discussed (Poba-Nzaou et al., 2016). Studies indicate that, in many organisations, HRISs are used in such a way that it supports the administrative role, rather than the strategic role played by the HR function (Barrett & Oborn, 2013;Sadiq et al., 2012). Thus, the inability of HR functions to transition from administrative to strategic contributors may be because HR professionals may not have the competencies to work with HRISs or the data obtained through such systems (Ulrich, Younger, Brockbank, & Ulrich, 2013).

Strategic business partnering
At a basic level, strategic HR business partners are expected to concentrate on business as opposed to focusing only on employees (Ulrich, 2013). According to Colbert (2004), strategic HRM originates from two foundational assertions. Firstly, the HRs of an organisation are of strategic importance to the organisation's success in formulating and implementing strategy. The second assertion is that organisational HRM practices contribute to the development of strategic capability within its HRs pools. Thus, strategic HRM is closely affiliated to the resource-based view of competitive advantage in the organisation's resource base (Colbert, 2004). Thus, organisations need to study and optimise HRM practices and the use of technology in doing so, in order to develop its strategic capability.
Human resource professionals are now expected to do more than they used to, because with the strategic orientation of the function, HR professionals are now looked to for organisational design and systems, as well as their change management expertise (Ramlall, 2006). However, typically, organisational management and employees view HRM as a support function and a cost centre, which primarily focuses on employees, as opposed to contributing to formulate and implement strategy (Kryscynski, Reeves, Stice-Lusvardi, Ulrich, & Russell, 2018;Lawler & Mohrman, 2003). Strategic HR business partners, however, should be able to identify talent, recognise critical positions and plan for development and succession (Hutcheson, 2004). This implies that although organisations would like to be strategic about managing their people, they may not be suitably prepared.

Use of information technology in strategic human resource management
A study conducted by Ankrah and Sokro (2012) in Ghana concluded that the use of HRIS in organisations leads to improved strategic decision-making. Using HRIS improves the quality of information, which enables fact-based decisionmaking in the HR function, which, in turn, leads to a greater commitment to employee development in organisations.
Although the study established that the use of an HRIS leads to operational savings in terms of cost and time (Ankrah & Sokro, 2012), the authors note that organisations must carefully consider HRIS planning, implementation and longevity, if they are to maximise their return on investment. Haines and Lafleur (2008) note that HR functions are information intensive. There are studies that report on the positive impact IT and HR practices have had on firms' performance (Huselid, 2018). The transformation of the HR function has been credited to the availability of IT and its use in streamlining and improving the efficiency of core and administrative services. Furthermore, with enterprise resource planning, the HR function can improve its efficiency and become more involved, strategically speaking, in the organisation.
Contradicting the findings of the studies mentioned above, research by Quinn and Brockbank (2006) found that the effect of HR technology on business performance is not strategically significant. This implies that HR technology is not crucial, unless it can be linked to business performance. Quinn and Brockbank (2006) indicate that there may thus not be a need for complex technology, intricate service delivery and design models, or rigorous data analysis systems within HR functions.
The abovementioned contradictions also suggest that the utilisation of technology for strategic purposes may not depend on the technology itself, but possibly the competence of HR professionals in using the technology available to them. This view is strengthened by the fact that employees without HR qualifications are being employed in the HRM function (Bondarouk & Ruël, 2013), although Heneman (1999) remarks that it is the combination of people and analytical competencies that makes for a value-adding HRM professional.

Information technology competencies
The introduction of HR technology implies that HRM professionals have access to more detailed employment indicators, which should enable them to better forecast labour trends and hiring needs. This change in itself indicates a need to revisit HRM professionals' competencies (Schramm, 2006). Furthermore, understanding technology enables HRM professionals to speak the language of business, as technology is embedded in almost every aspect of business (Schramm, 2006). A sound grasp of technology will enable HRM professionals to collaborate, organise work, build teams and develop new knowledge and skills, which can help create organisational and human capital. Most importantly, HRM processes can be streamlined with the use of technology to free up resources to make a strategic contribution to the business (Schramm, 2006). Johnson and King (2002) point out that it is critical to evaluate whether the educational qualifications developed for the profession to sufficiently prepare graduates with the required competencies, especially given the number of changes HRM has undergone. Managing HR technology systems is complex, and therefore, HRM professionals with strong IT competencies will be in demand for some time to come (Marler & Parry, 2016). Leading companies expect entry-level HRM professionals to be strategic business partners who can align themselves with other business functions, in order for the organisation to achieve success (Johnson & King, 2002). If technology causes fundamental changes to the HRM function, then these must also be reflected in HRM-related education (Hempel, 2004). These concerns were noted in the early 2000s and considering that HR education has not evolved to accommodate these considerations, the HR profession faces the risk of not transforming itself fast enough to adjust to the changes in the larger global economy.
By contrast, as reported by Johnson and King (2002), whilst traditional HR and industrial relations (IRs) competencies are incorporated into curricula, there is little intent to develop business-aligned competencies. If HRM students are not taught basic IT competencies at the university level, a great deal of time and resources will have to be invested to make those graduates effective in the workplace (Autor, 2015). Additionally, organisations may not be willing to invest in what they perceive to be a support function (Mondore, Douthitt, & Carson, 2011). Addressing technology in professional education, and not just as an 'add-on' training course, will facilitate the development of an HR graduate who would expedite the transition of the role of the HR professional from administrative to more strategic (Lawler, Levenson, & Boudreau, 2004).
Relatively few publications focus on the IT competencies HRM professionals require. Although a variety of competency frameworks have been developed to enable these professionals to become more strategic (Caldwell, 2008;Cohen, 2015;Lee & Yu, 2013;Thite, Budhwar, &Wilkinson, 2014;Younger et al., 2012), only a few appear to be pertinent to the area of IT competencies (Joseph, 2019;Poba-Nzaou et al., 2016;Schramm, 2006). Whilst all these competency frameworks suggest that IT competencies are necessary for HRM professionals to be strategic, only a few publications in this field describe what these actually entail.
Whilst the impact of IT on the HRM function and its services to the organisation is studied both conceptually and empirically, the literature on IT competencies has been predominantly conceptual (Hempel, 2004;Schramm, 2006). An empirical study in the area used competencies identified in the literature (both in the IT and HR fields), but the sample used in that instance was limited, consisting only of working students (Poba-Nzaou et al., 2016). The study also did not take into consideration the various levels of experience, which HRM professionals have.
Thus, this study aims to determine the IT competencies that will enable entry-level HRM professionals to be strategic partners to business, and the extent to which these IT competencies enable strategic partnering.

Research design, setting and respondents
The study used a quantitative research approach and is cross-sectional in nature. A survey incorporating the competencies identified in the study by Joseph (2019) was pilot-tested and subsequently distributed to more than 2500 HRM professionals to determine the extent to which they thought that the identified competencies will enable entry-level HRM professionals to be strategic partners to business. The questionnaire included 27 IT competencies, incorporating 45 behavioural indicators (Joseph, 2019).
The respondents needed to have at least a year of experience in the field of HRM to determine the importance of IT competencies and their relationship with strategic business partnering. Therefore, HR professionals with at least 1 year of experience, with varied educational backgrounds and from different sectors, were chosen as respondents.
Volunteer sampling was used, as the respondents were selfselected. Two forms of questionnaire design were used, namely a delivery-and-collection questionnaire and a web questionnaire. Out of the 339 responses that were collected, 252 were utilisable.
The target population of the study were HRM professionals. The sample consisted of 66% women and 34% men. A total of 43.7% of the respondents had postgraduate qualifications, whilst 54.3% had a degree or diploma and 2% had matric qualifications. A total of 86.1% of respondents have either completed or are currently pursuing an HR qualification. And 70.2% of the respondents had more than 8 years of experience, with an additional 16.3% having between 5 and 8 years of experience. A total of 5.6% of respondents had below 3 years of experience.
All results were reported with integrity and objectivity.
Respondents were made aware of the purpose of the study. All respondents gave their consent before participating in the survey. Participation was voluntary and respondents could withdraw from the study at any time. Privacy was maintained by keeping all responses private and secure. All participants' information remained confidential.

Data analyses
The statistical analysis methods included Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Bartlett's test of sphericity, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy, Catell's scree test, parallel analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using maximum likelihood and promax rotation. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured to test reliability, associated with the accuracy and precision of a measuring instrument (Suhr & Shay, 2009). Testing the reliability of the questionnaire used in this study also helped determine the relationships between the various items, which was the second purpose of testing the reliability. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient scores of all categories were in the acceptable range of 0.70-0.95 (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2013), which implies that the survey items were strongly correlated. Thus, the items were considered for further analysis and interpretation, as the internal consistency was high enough to be deemed reliable.
Further, the researcher used EFA to determine whether a factor, or several factors, could summarise the larger set of items, and to explore the interrelationships amongst the various items. Exploratory factor analysis is appropriate to explore the main dimensions that enable the generation of a theory or model from a relatively large set of latent constructs (Suhr, 2006). Tabachnick and Fidell (2007) suggest that the sample size must be greater than five times the number of items, if a sample is to be considered suitable for factor analysis. Considering that there were 36 items including demographic items, with a sample size of 252, more than seven times the number of items, the sample size was deemed suitable for factor analysis. The extraction technique used was maximum likelihood factoring (Pallant, 2016), which is considered the best choice when data are relatively normally distributed (Costello & Osborne, 2005). Bartlett's test of sphericity and the KMO measure of sampling adequacy were considered to assess the factorability of the data. Bartlett's test should be statistically significant at p < 0.05, and the KMO measure should have a value of 0.6 or above (Pallant, 2016;Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007). The p value for Bartlett's test was lower than 0.05. Furthermore, the KMO value was higher than 0.60. Thus, EFA was considered appropriate for the next step in the analysis.
Following factor analysis, the researcher examined the variables that could be attributed to each factor and gave the factor a name or theme. Such labelling is considered subjective, theoretical and inductive in nature (Williams, Brown, & Onsman, 2010). The factors identified during this phase explained most of the responses.
The results of the online survey and the development of the factors of the proposed IT competencies were based on the findings of the EFA. The data generated from the survey responses were sufficient, reliable and valid. Furthermore, the researcher used multiple regression to test the relationship between the identified IT competencies and strategic business partnering. The assumptions of linearity and 'no multicollinearity' were met.

Ethical considerations
The

Categorising the identified competencies
The parallel analysis suggested three factors. Furthermore, based on the scree test (used to assist in decisions regarding the number of factors), three factors were retained for further investigation. The three factors identified had initial Eigenvalues exceeding 1. The initial factors explain 44.0%, 7.6% and 5.3% of the variance, respectively, which is 57% of the variance in total. On inspecting the associated scree plot, a break was seen after the third factor. Therefore, using the scree test, three factors were retained for further investigation. Table 1 depicts the pattern matrix that indicates oblique rotation and the factor loadings of the various items. The communalities of all items are above 0.3.

Factor 1: Technologising employee processes
In examining the items that grouped within the first factor and their relationships, the first factor was collectively named 'technologising employee processes' -as it captures the various behavioural indicators that group within this factor into a larger component. The highest item loaded at 0.917 and the lowest at 0.336.
Thus, the factor showed a number of strong loadings and all items loaded strongly on factor 1. None of the items were dropped, as none of them had low loadings. Moreover, the purpose of the EFA was not to remove items, but to categorise them. The factor entitled 'technologising employee processes' had a high Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.954) and the mean interitem correlation was 0.509, indicating that the factor has high internal consistency.

Factor 2: Processing data expertly
On analysing the relationships amongst the items that grouped within the second factor, the factor was labelled 'processing data expertly'. The name of this factor is a representation of the various behavioural indicators that cluster within this factor. The factor showed a number of strong loadings and all items loaded strongly on Factor 2. The highest item loaded at 0.815 and the lowest item loaded at 0.389. Once again, none of the items were dropped. The factor entitled 'processing data expertly' has a high Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.898) and the mean inter-item correlation was 0.406, which imply that the factor has high internal consistency.

Factor 3: Translating external trends
Finally, three items clustered to form a third factor. The relationships amongst the items that group within this third factor were analysed to term this factor 'translating external trends'. The factor name aptly characterises the behavioural indicators that cluster within this factor. The loading pattern indicates the highest item loading at 0.935 and the lowest loading at 0.568. All items loaded strongly on factor 3. This analysis indicates that the three items may be collapsed into one factor. None of the items were dropped. The factor entitled 'translating external trends' has a high Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.892) and the mean inter-item correlation was 0.732.
Thus, the three factors obtained through the EFA were used to categorise the various identified IT competencies. Once the identified IT competencies were categorised, the relationship between IT competencies and strategic business partnering was investigated.

Relationship between information technology competencies and strategic business partnering
Multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between the identified IT competency themes and strategic business partnering. For multiple regression to be used, various assumptions need to be met, and therefore, these were first tested. Collinearity diagnostics was performed as part of the multiple regression procedure to identify any problems related to multicollinearity. The results are presented in Table 2.
As the tolerance value was not less than 0.1 for any of the factors, the possibility of multicollinearity was rejected. Variation inflation factor (VIF) values below 5 also reject multicollinearity; thus, the assumption of multicollinearity was met in this model.
An inspection of the normal probability plot (P-P) of the regression standardised residual and the scatterplot also revealed no major deviations from normality.
One outlier was identified in the scatterplot. As the number of outliers was small, when compared to the sample, no action was deemed necessary. The Mahalanobis distances produced by the multiple regression programmes were also inspected to check for outliers. The critical value of the Mahalanobis distance for two independent variables was 13.82 (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007). On analysing the Mahalanobis distance of all the cases, only one case had a high value (14.055). Considering that there was only one outlier, it was decided not to remove the case for further analysis.
Furthermore, it was identified that no items had a Cook's distance of more than 1. In fact, the highest Cook's distance was 0.128, indicating that no single case had any undue influence on the results of the model as a whole. The correlations between the various factors are provided in Table 3.
All independent variables showed a correlation coefficient higher than 0.3. Factor 1 and factor 2, namely technologising employee processes and processing data expertly, correlated substantially with strategic business partnering (r = 0.582 and r = 0.467, respectively). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, as shown in Table 4, indicates that the model reached statistical significance.
A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict strategic business partnering based on technologising employee processes (factor 1), processing data expertly (factor 2) and translating external trends (factor 3).
Expressed as a percentage, the three identified factors explained 34.0% of the variance in strategic business partnering, as indicated in Table 5.
To compare the extent to which each of the factors contributed to the prediction of strategic business partnering, the standardised beta values in Table 2 were used. The largest beta coefficient was associated with factor 1, which implies that the factor makes a unique contribution towards explaining strategic business partnering, when the variance explained by the other factors in the model is controlled for. The beta values for factors 2 and 3 were much lower, indicating a contribution to strategic business partnering, although less than factor 1. To summarise, the results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that the three factors collectively explained 34% of the variance in strategic business partnering. Additionally,   Note: Robust standard errors were also computed because of the slight heteroscedasticity in the residuals. There was not much difference in the standard errors and associated t-statistics. Therefore, these are not reported. VIF, variation inflation factor. all three factors correlated strongly with strategic business partnering. The first, technologising employee processes, was particularly significant.

Outline of the results
The survey was utilised to identify the combination of the IT competencies that would most closely relate with strategic business partnering. The first competency category, which requires entry-level HRM professionals to technologise employee processes, refers to them designing systems, running processes and using technology with the intention of providing strategic outputs to business. This particular factor features competencies related to business process and leveraging technology. Thus, understanding business processes and leveraging technology are deemed necessary for entry-level HRM professionals if they are to be strategic partners to business. The second competency category, processing data expertly, also links quite strongly with strategic partnering. Without data, there is no way of strategically partnering with business. Data are the instruments through which strategic partnerships can be strengthened. Even in this factor, there are some competencies that can be considered business process competencies. With reference to the third competency category, awareness and use of social media enable entry-level HRM professionals to adapt quickly to trends, making the information they provide relevant and effective. The combination of the three factors explains more than a third of the variance in strategic business partnering, which is considered to be significant.

Factor 1: Technologising employee processes
The first factor, entitled 'technologising employee processes', refers to the entry-level HRM professional being the intercessor or link between technology and the people processes in the organisation. The literature supports this finding, in that HRM professionals must be comfortable with HR technology from the onset (Hussain & Prowse, 2004;Quinn & Brockbank, 2006). Human resource IT is widely used and is important for the daily operations of HRM functions (Hussain & Prowse, 2004). Whilst the use of IT in HR enables increased efficiency, effectiveness and integration, Hussain and Prowse (2004) note that early use of HR IT is almost always for operational purposes. The findings of this study imply that the operational management of HR IT systems may be something entry-level HRM professionals should be doing. Pretorius (2009) states that how the HRM function is performed and managed in an organisation must be radically changed before technology can empower that function. Pretorius (2009) further suggests that the competitive advantage that good HR technology provides is the information it produces, which then affects the quality of decisions.
There are contrasting views about the importance of technology for the HRM function. Selmer and Chiu (2004), in identifying competencies, only mention technology under the 'innovation' role that the HRM executive may perform, but they do not refer to HRM technology in their discussion of that role. In most competency frameworks, HR processes and technology are some of the last competencies to be included, being least correlated with HR success. However, this study suggests that unless HR technological competencies are valued appropriately, some higher order competencies (such as strategic business partnering, change and innovation) may not be of much value within the HRM function. So, whilst these competencies may not be important for HR executives, they are vital for entry-level HRM professionals. This assertion is supported by the fact that this factor makes the strongest unique contribution to strategic business partnering competencies for entry-level HRM professionals.

Factor 2: Processing data expertly
The second identified factor was named 'processing data expertly'. Most of the competencies clustered within this factor refer to data processing, analysis and management. The literature backs the finding that the competencies identified in this category are important for HRM professionals (Farndale et al., 2010). For Farndale et al. (2010), the HRM functions in multinational corporations focus on their administrative processes, strongly emphasising data and metrics.
Several studies support the need for analytical abilities in HRM professionals. There is, however, also an argument that data analytics is not an HRM professional's job (Isson & Harriott, 2016), but it has been identified that a basic understanding of data processing will be helpful (Kryscynski et al., 2018). Some argue that data analytics competencies are not necessarily IT competencies, as data are products of IT. Nevertheless, in this study, it was identified that factors 1 and 2 were highly correlated. Thus, data-processing competencies are considered IT competencies for the purposes of this study.
For data to be accurate, there must be a clear link between people, processes and technology. In other words, having this competency category is not sufficient -it is not standalone. In fact, in many instances, organisations have poor data. Human resource management professionals do not know how to fix data or how to process them, even if the processes are fine. This mutual dependence explains the high correlation between these categories.
The findings of this study support the idea that entry-level HRM professionals must not only be comfortable with data, but must also be experts at processing, and not necessarily analysing, data. The findings further imply that the analysis may happen at a senior level, but entry-level HRM professionals must understand the basics, so that they can collect and process data in order for analysis at senior levels to be effective.

Factor 3: Translating external trends
The third factor identified refers to external trends. Kryscynski et al. (2018) agree that HR professionals who identify important trends create more value for the business. Appreciating external trends enables HRM professionals to understand how such trends can assist the organisation in meeting its needs. For example, when flexible working grew as a concept, an HRM professional who understood the trend would have prepared policies, processes and systems to accommodate this, giving employees an opportunity to do flexi work. The quicker the adaptation, the more strategic the contribution the HRM professional can make to the organisation. Also, this factor included social media competencies and an awareness of trends and new products in technology. In this study, it was identified that this factor makes only a limited contribution to strategic business partnering. Boudreau (2014) and Poba-Nzaou et al. (2016) interpret the identified competencies in their respective studies as not sufficient for strategic business partnering. The competencies that cluster within this factor are thus recognised to not be strategic in isolation, but are beneficial to strategic business partnering, if exhibited by entry-level HRM professionals.
Furthermore, these findings are in line with the point made by Boudreau (2014) that HRM functions are not at the forefront of addressing organisational dilemmas or external trends. An HRM professional who can interpret external trends can strategically advise on the impact that recent phenomena such as globalisation and the fourth industrial revolution can have on the employees and potential employees of an organisation. The competencies that HRM professionals possess in relation to linking employee processes to technology and data processing will also enable them to make decisions related to various trends, and to report back on the success of any associated initiatives.
Ignoring these competencies and being unable to scope out external trends can pose a threat to the organisation as a whole and to the HRM function in particular, preventing the entity from being able to respond to such trends (Phelps, 2010). Thus, interpreting external trends is a necessary IT competency for any entry-level HRM professional.
The results of this study suggest that the identified IT competencies correlate significantly with strategic business partnering. A limited number of studies have linked IT competencies and strategic business partnering. Uti (2016) discusses that being a technology proponent is significantly but weakly correlated with the strategic partnering role of HRM professionals. Being a technology proponent had one of the weaker correlations when compared to other competency areas -the Pearson's correlation coefficient value was only 0.304. Notably, most other studies found that the use of IT in HRM can increase its strategic contribution (Barrett & Oborn, 2013;Bondarouk & Ruël, 2013;Martin & Reddington, 2010), but few studies have linked IT competencies with strategic business partnering (Uti, 2016). Uti's (2016) findings, in association with the findings of this study, can be interpreted in several ways. One perspective is that being a technology proponent is considered important for entry-level HRM professionals.
When considering the other competencies expected of senior HRM professionals (being a strategic positioner, a change champion and an HR innovator), the competencies associated with a technology proponent may become less significant. Entry-level HRM professionals can, however, exhibit these competencies, thus making their contributions strategic and enabling them to play an important and necessary role in both the HRM function and the organisation. Hussain and Prowse (2004) also suggest that each set of HRM professionals uses HR IT differently. Thus, whilst senior HRM professionals may support the use of technology for organisational processes, entry-level HRM professionals should focus on technologising employee processes and ensuring that the data obtained through various IT systems are useable. Secondly, there may be a specific need for IT competencies amongst HRM professionals specifically in South African industries.
Thus, the findings of this study suggest that South African entry-level HRM professionals have to focus on the technical aspects of business processes and data analysis, for several reasons: firstly, it affords them an opportunity to understand the business and to grapple with the intricacies of people processes. Secondly, it positions them as contributors to the overall HR strategy of the organisation. Also, through the effective use of technology, they can arrive at a detailed understanding of the administrative processes within the organisation, and of how the organisation functions. Another reason for focusing on IT competencies and associated expertise is that becoming proficient should make them more effective as senior HRM professionals later on in their careers.

Practical implications
Organisations may use the identified IT competencies to ensure that they hire the right entry-level HRM professional, especially if they would like their HRM function to contribute strategically to the organisation.
Human resource management professionals with analytical abilities show higher overall individual performance, creating greater value for both the external and internal stakeholders of the organisation (Kryscynski et al., 2018). In some instances, hiring the right individual may not be sufficient. Organisations might consider incorporating the identified competencies into their performance management processes. Human resource technology organisations must also encourage the development of HR analytical skills at entry level. Many organisations choose to purchase basic HR technology, as their HRM function may not have the capability to use advanced versions. Thus, by developing the identified competencies in entry-level HRM professionals, both HR technology organisations and their clients can benefit.
Further, it is suggested that the identified IT competencies be developed at the graduate level. The findings of this study indicate that HRM graduates do not need a complex or deep understanding of technology. It seems to be more important that entry-level HRM colleagues must be exposed to the use of technology in various HR processes, and to the management of the resulting data. They do not need to know highly sophisticated data-analysis techniques either, but should rather be exposed to more fundamental concepts pertaining to the processing of data, such that data can be used for rigorous decision making. Furthermore, they must have a solid understanding of the HR functional processes and how IT can be incorporated into existing processes.
Higher education institutions in South Africa must expose HRM students to at least an HRIS or e-HRM application during their qualification. Although this may be performed by introducing a stand-alone module in the curriculum, it is advisable that the e-HRM application be integrated into existing modules (Jones & Hoell, 2005). By appreciating the use of data for making decisions at university level, HRM graduates will be well prepared to manage IT applications in the organisations in which they work. Furthermore, it is suggested that HR-simulated environments be introduced at tertiary institutions, so that pre-graduates can become comfortable utilising technology.
The development of the identified IT competencies alone will by no means be sufficient to ensure that HRM practitioners are capable of serving as strategic partners to business. As this study identified, HRM graduates must also possess several non-IT competencies. For example, Abbott (2011) emphasises the need for such graduates to have an understanding of ethics, and of the socioeconomic context in which the country functions.

Limitations and recommendations for future research
The current study did not take into consideration organisational factors such as the size, nature of the business and organisational culture, which fell outside of the scope of this undertaking. An investigation into the relationship between the identified IT competencies and the various organisational factors will be useful for determining whether IT competencies vary, depending on organisational factors such as those mentioned earlier.
This study identified those IT competencies that will enable entry-level HRM professionals to be strategic business partners. As HR technology can enable strategic partnering within the HRM function at all levels, it is recommended that the IT competencies required of mid-level and senior HRM professionals be studied in detail.
The study implies that competency categories may be interrelated. In this instance, business process and data analysis competencies were found to be highly correlated. This has implications for the way HRM work is distributed amongst various professionals, and the way HR technology is trained. Thus, it is recommended that the correlation amongst various competency categories in diverse competency frameworks be studied further. Such investigations can help to determine which competencies are complementary in nature.
The identified IT competencies can be utilised to develop curricula, as discussed previously. It would be of value to determine the role of the curriculum in delivering HRM graduates who can become strategic business partners. Furthermore, as suggested, various instructional strategies can be employed to develop the IT competencies identified here. A range of theoretical and practical activities and related outcomes can be utilised. It is important that such activities be evaluated from an educational perspective. In addition, the effectiveness of such strategies in developing entry-level HR strategic partners is an area for formal research and investigation.
The use of technology in HRM qualifications is another area that must be closely scrutinised. Using technology at different levels of complexity may develop diverse competencies in HRM graduates. It is recommended that the effects and outcomes of such use of technology be studied comprehensively. The assessment of the identified competencies is another area that might deliver interesting findings.

Conclusion
The first objective of this study was to group the identified IT competencies into specific categories. Following the EFA, the competencies clustered within three factors: technologising employee processes, processing data expertly and translating external trends. Thus, the broader IT competency groups were identified. The evidence from this study suggests that entry-level HRM professionals are expected to focus on internal HR processes, as well as dayto-day operational activities. As the results show, they can contribute to strategic business partnering to a moderate extent. In other words, by focusing on their functional and operational roles, they will be able to contribute as strategic business partners.
The second objective of this study was to determine how IT competencies required of entry-level HR professionals relate to strategic business partnering. The relationships between the identified IT competencies and strategic business partnering were identified through the multiple regression analyses. It was found that the identified IT competencies explained 34% of the variance in strategic business partnering -a considerable proportion. Thus, the study showed that the identified IT competencies explained a significant amount of variance in strategic business partnering, which means that the identified IT competencies are necessary for entry-level HRM professionals who wish to contribute by serving as strategic business partners.
Before attempting to use people data to contribute strategically to an organisation, the HRM professionals working within this function must be sure about the quality, consistency, accuracy and integrity of that data. Without confidence in the collected data, making an effective strategic contribution may be difficult. The entry-level HRM professional may be crucial in ensuring that the data obtained can be utilised strategically. The competencies identified here indicate that if junior HRM professionals focus on technologising HR business processes and are capable of processing data proficiently, with an awareness of how to translate external technological trends, they can contribute to strategic business partnering to a large extent.
Higher education institutions, corporate organisations and professional bodies have a role to play in ensuring that an effective entry-level HRM professional is developed and supported. If this is performed, data-driven and strategic HRM can aid the function in addressing the future challenges facing the world of work.
Industrial revolutions not only influence the way business operates, but also the operations of organisational functions, work psychology and organisational culture. This study signals that a new intellect is required of the HRM professional, if businesses seek to be equipped for the fourth industrial revolution. With a process-orientated perspective and an analytical outlook, and without disregarding its foundation of employee advocacy, the HRM function can evolve to facilitate how organisations navigate the fourth industrial revolution.