Total rewards and its effects on organisational commitment in higher education institutions

Talent retention has been reported as a significant challenge for organisations operating in a competitive environment. Competing for employees with the required skillset and attracting and retaining employees with expertise has emerged as the biggest challenge for human capital managers. However, in higher education institutions, retaining of staff has become a priority. In addition, higher education is influential in the development of a country. It not only functions as a provider of knowledge but also as a pertinent sector for the nation’s grown and societal wellbeing. Higher education institutions play a significant role in development of skills, which improves the economy; therefore, a high quality of staff is required. Higher education institutions are also considered as a centre of research, knowledge, change and excellence that is skilled in acquiring, generating and transferring knowledge to society. The study aims to investigate the relationship between total rewards and retention factors in relation to organisational commitment in higher education institutions.


Introduction Key focus of the study
Talent retention has been reported as a significant challenge for organisations operating in a competitive environment.Competing for employees with the required skillset and attracting and retaining employees with expertise has emerged as the biggest challenge for human capital managers.However, in higher education institutions, retaining of staff has become a priority.In addition, higher education is influential in the development of a country.It not only functions as a provider of knowledge but also as a pertinent sector for the nation's grown and societal wellbeing.Higher education institutions play a significant role in development of skills, which improves the economy; therefore, a high quality of staff is required.Higher education institutions are also considered as a centre of research, knowledge, change and excellence that is skilled in acquiring, generating and transferring knowledge to society.The study aims to investigate the relationship between total rewards and retention factors in relation to organisational commitment in higher education institutions.identifying total rewards that influence organisational commitment in higher education institutions will aid the sector to foster organisational commitment, while maintaining high satisfaction and improved performance.Ihionkhan and Aigbomian (2014) attest that organisations are effective to the degree which it achieve its objectives through committed employees.In addition, Korir and Kepkebut (2016) state that committed employees have a sense of identification and belonging with an organisation.Dubihlela and Rundora (2014) affirm that an increase in global competition has forced businesses to ensure increased employee commitment in order to enable them to have a high level of excellence and competitiveness.Wasiu and Adelajo (2014) suggest that the importance of total rewards cannot be over emphasised.Wellrewarded employees feel that they are valued by the organisation.Anku-Tsede and Kutin (2013) state that rewarding employees is ideal in today's complex human resources market, which leads to continually changing settings in which organisations compete for survival.Obicci (2015) affirms that as employees are the engines of organisational vehicles, total rewards is the fuel through which organisations' stated objectives can be achieved.Ihionkhan and Aigbomian (2014) state that rewards management strategies can be used to increase employee commitment by creating a sense of belonging in the organisation.Increased levels of employee commitment can be achieved through effective rewards management strategies.Korir and Kipkebut (2016) advised organisations to take actions such that employee commitment can be obtained through total rewards management.

Research purpose and objectives
There is a limited research investigating specifically the relationship between total rewards and organisational commitment both locally and internationally.The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of total rewards on organisational commitment.The objectives of the study were to investigate the relationship between total rewards and organisational commitment.In addition, the following research questions were investigated: • Research question 1: What is the relationship between total rewards and organisational commitment?• Research question 2: Which total rewards elements influence organisational commitment significantly?

Significance of the study
Highly qualified and experienced employees of the academic institutions are continuously leaving in search of greener pastures and opportunities in other institutions and in the private sector.Those left behind may end up underperforming owing to low motivation because of insufficient reward strategies (Al-Jarradi, 2011).This study aims to assist the management of universities of technology to have the opportunity to be more aware about the influence of total rewards on organisational commitment.The findings of the research should also contribute to broader understanding in both public and private sectors on the significant role of total rewards in organisational commitment among employees.The study will benefit other institutions of higher learning, that is, traditional universities, universities of technology to understand total rewards that best drive organisational commitment.

Organisational commitment
Commitment in the workplace is a concept that has attracted a great deal of attention from scholars in many disciplines, including industrial psychology, organisational behaviour, management, business administration and public administration (Cohen, 2007).In addition, high interest in research, which is concerned with organisational commitment of employees, has been observed within the private sector, public sector and higher education sector (Dixit & Bhati, 2012).Khan et al. (2014) state that organisational commitment is a link, association or bond of the employee with the institution, a psychosomatic state that distinguishes the individual association with the proposition for the decision to carry on attachment to the organisation.Lamba and Choudhary (2013) view organisational commitment as the individual psychological attachment to the organisation, and commitment represents something beyond loyalty to an organisation and involves an active relationship with the organisation such that individuals are willing to dedicate their talents in order to contribute to the organisation's well-being.
SamGnanakkan (2010) states that organisational commitment is a bi-dimensional concept that includes an attitudinal and a behavioural aspect.Committed employees have an active curiosity, a passion for learning, a willingness to challenge the status quo and an eagerness to experiment with new methods and strategies (Jafri, 2010).In addition, Cunningham (2012) states that an employee with a high level of organisational commitment wishes to maintain membership of the organisation, and this commitment differs from other types, such as occupational commitment.Welty, Burton and Wells (2014) reveal that employees with higher level of organisational commitment will be less likely to engage in job search behaviours as they would wish to stay and be associated with their organisation.In addition, employees with high level of commitment contributes positively to the organisation.In addition, organisational commitment encompasses an employee's belief in an organisation's goals and values, and reflects a desire by an employee to remain a member of the organisation and be loyal to it.Committed employees have an active curiosity, a passion for learning, a willingness to challenge the status quo and an eagerness to experiment with new methods and strategies (Jafri, 2010).Organisational commitment is a psychological state that impels an individual towards a course of action of relevance to one or more targets (Smith, Mitchell & Mitchell, 2009).Therefore, organisational commitment results in positive attitudes to jobs and affects outcomes like employee's intention to leave, organisational citizenship behaviour, performance and job satisfaction (Neininger, Lehmann-Willenbrock, Kauffeld & Henschel, 2010).However, human resources practices like total rewards influence the commitment of employees in both positive and negative manner (Döckel, 2003;Lumley, 2010).Hence, these practices are significant in retaining talent within organisations.

Total rewards that retain talent
In order to attract, retain and satisfy committed employees to the organisation, employers need appropriate total rewards (Obicci, 2015).Owing to competition for scarce skills, the attraction and retention of quality employees has emerged as the biggest challenge in human capital management (Terera & Ngirande, 2014).Enhancing organisational commitment among employees is an essential element because that will result in higher employee commitment, enhancing retention, increasing their job satisfaction and improving performance (Omotayo, Pavithra, & Adenike, 2014).In addition, bringing out the effects of total rewards will assist organisations foster commitment among employees.Research by Armstrong, Brown and Reilly (2010) reveals that competitive wages and benefits have repeatedly been listed as a means of attracting and retaining employees.Chelangat and Gachunga's (2016) study reveals that total rewards are considered as one of the tools for enhancing organisational commitment.Obicci (2015) attests that total rewards play a vital role in job satisfaction and enhances employee commitment with their respective organisations.Wages, therefore, influence the attraction and retention of the workforce.Organisations need to look for alternative methods of retaining key talent to ensure organisational success (Mabaso, 2016).Hence, total rewards can be used in order to enforce talent retention among academic staff in higher education institutions.

Total rewards
WorldatWork (2015) recommended a total rewards model with six essential elements, which are discussed in detail below.WorldatWork (2015) asserts that these elements of total rewards collectively define an organisation's strategy to attract, motivate, retain and engage employees.

Compensation as element of total rewards
Compensation is the reward that employees receive in exchange for performing organisational tasks (Omotayo, Pavithra & Adenike, 2014).In addition, WorldatWork (2015) postulates that compensation refers to remuneration provided by the employer for services rendered by employees, which include skills, time and their efforts.WorldatWork (2015) affirms that compensation consists of both fixed and variable pay, and it is sometimes tied to performance.Martocchio (2013) states that compensation represents both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards employees receive for performing their jobs.Intrinsic compensation reflects employee's psychological mindsets that result from performing their jobs.Extrinsic compensation includes both monetary and non-monetary rewards (Martocchio, 2013).Total compensation is 'the total of all rewards provided to employees in return for their services' (Phonsanam, 2010:6).Ray and Ray (2011) observed that the main reason people work for is compensation.Rose (2014) confirms that compensation forms part of the elements of total rewards aiming to attract and retain talent in organisations.
Fringe benefits as element of total rewards WorldatWork (2015) states that benefits comprise nonmonetary rewards to supplement financial compensation that employees receive.Martocchio (2013) states that fringe benefits include any variety of programmes that provide time off, employee services and protection programmes.According to Van der Westhuizen (2017), fringe benefits refer to indirect forms of compensation which are intended to attract, retain and motivate employees.Rose (2014) attests that fringe benefits consist of non-cash parts of the reward that are provided by the employer either to all employees or differentiated by level.Employee benefits consist of arrangements made by employers to enhance their employees' well-being.The benefits are provided in addition to pay and form important parts of the total rewards package (Armstrong, 2012).Benefit packages for employees are integral to the financial reward package, and for many organisations, the employer brand determines the type of benefits offered, which turn, support the messages to be delivered via the employer brand.

Work-life balance as element of total rewards
WorldatWork (2015) states that work-life programmes are intended and introduced as policies that enable employers to reach a better work-life balance.This factor includes the extent to which a specific job is interesting and challenging to an individual, the degree to which the job provides the opportunity for an individual to keep abreast of new things (WorldatWork, 2015).According to Mukhtar (2012), integrating and maintaining work-life balance into our lives is the current need.Rumpel and Medcof (2006) attest that usually the balance time spent at work and home is included in the work environment.Flexible working is one of the most important aspects for a balanced life (Hondor, 2014).

Performance as element of total rewards
Aguinis (2013) defines performance management as a continuous process of identifying, measuring and developing the performance of individuals, teams and aligning performance with the strategic goals of the organisation.In addition, Swanepoel et al. (2014) affirm that performance management is an action based on performance measures and reporting, which results in improvement in employee behaviour, motivation and work processes as well as promoting innovation.Performance management is viewed more broadly as a management tool that aims to improve the performance of an organisation (Goh, 2012).

Recognition as element of total rewards
Rose (2014) states that recognition refers to a process of acknowledging or giving special attention to a high level of accomplishment or performance, such as customer care or support to colleagues, which is not dependent on achievement against a given target or objective.Greene (2011) attests that recognition can be used in lieu of financial awards, as particularly it could be argued that people used time that theoretically should have been spent on other organisational businesses and that the salary provided compensation.Abu Bakar, Mohamad and Sharmeela-Banu (2015) posit that recognition is the demonstration of appreciation for a level of performance, an achievement or a contribution to an objective.It can be confidential or public, causal or formal and it is always in addition to pay.The link between recognition, teamwork and job satisfaction is an important occurrence to take note of as it indicates that dimensions, which constitute job satisfaction, do not necessarily act alone in determining the job satisfaction of employees.The lack of recognition would not lead to job dissatisfaction, but employees are unlikely to be unmotivated (Smerek & Peterson, 2007).

Talent development and career opportunities as element of total rewards
It is a set of learning experiences intended to improve employees' functional expertise and capabilities.It motivates employees to complete their tasks quickly which in turn improves their productivity (Hondor, 2014).WorldatWork (2015) states that career opportunities involve a strategy for employees to develop their career goals, which may include advancement into a more responsible position in an organisation.Greene (2011) affirms that the investment in training and development is to increase capacity among employees which will enable career opportunities in the workplace.Martocchio (2013) concurs that talent development will enable employees to maintain their focus and assume greater responsibilities and advance in the organisation hierarchy.

Research hypothesis
Based on the above literature, the following hypothesis was developed: • Hypothesis 1 (H 1 ): There is a positive relationship between total rewards and organisational commitment.

Research approach
In the present study, a quantitative research design was employed using the survey questionnaire.The aim of the quantitative research is to describe patterns, trends and relationships in numerical data (Lochmiller & Lester, 2017).
The main reason for choosing this method was that variables used in the present study could be easily measured quantitatively.In addition, the quantitative research method is concerned with the facts or responses of participants (Creswell, 2014).The most common characteristic of quantitative studies is generalisability of the results.
Generalisability is the assumption that data from a sample represent the larger population from which the sample is drawn.Lochmiller and Lester (2017) affirm that in the quantitative research method, the research assumes that the results represent the broader population on some measures.

Research participants
This study was conducted in the higher education sector of South Africa.The target population in the present study comprised 279 (University of Technology A = 79; University of Technology B = 200) academic staff from two universities of technology (UOT) in Gauteng and Free State (from level of lecturers, senior lecturers, head of departments and professors).Of the 279 participants, 225 returned the questionnaires to the researcher.However, upon scrutiny it was discovered that 23 respondents did not answer the majority of the questions.These questionnaires were therefore discarded completely.A response rate of 72.4% was achieved.Therefore, questionnaires returned for analysis equated to n = 202 questionnaires which was appropriate to be used on the study.An analysis of the demographic profile of respondents (Table 1) has been distributed to as per response from both universities of technology.In addition, Table 1 reveals that 50.5% (n = 102) of the respondents were female, whereas 49.5% (n = 100) were male.After collapsing the respondents' ages, it emerged that the largest group of respondents (43.6%; n = 88) were aged between 30 and 45 years.In addition, 38.1% (n = 77) of the respondents were in possession of a master's degree.In terms of racial group, Africans (68.8%; n = 139) constituted the highest number.
With regard to the position occupied, the largest group of respondents (89.6%; n = 181) were lecturers, followed by senior lecturers (6.9%; n = 14), with associate professors (0.5%; n = 1) being the least in number.

Measuring instrument
A structured questionnaire was designed to gather information from participants.The current study used two measuring instruments; that is, 'Total Rewards Questionnaire' and 'Organisational Commitment Questionnaire'.Total Rewards Questionnaire was adopted from WorldatWork Rewards (2015), while Meyer and Allen (1997) developed Organisational Commitment Questionnaire.These two questionnaires were administered to the selected respondents.Both these instruments are based on the five-point Likert scale.The respondents were asked to indicate the extent of their agreement or disagreement with the statements on a scale of 1-5, where 1 would mean that they strongly disagreed and 5 would mean that they strongly agreed with the statement provided.

Ethical consideration and research procedure
Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the participating universities of technology.Research participants were requested to participate in the study voluntarily by completing questionnaires.A covering letter accompanied each questionnaire stating the purpose of the research and guaranteeing protection of their identity as this was an anonymous survey.A total of 279 questionnaires were distributed to all academic staff using a personal method of data collection.To ensure confidentiality, questionnaires were to be returned in enclosed envelopes provided during distribution.

Reliability
Maree (2017) states that reliability refers to the consistency or dependability of a measuring instrument.A measuring instrument that is reliable will produce the same results if a variable is repeatedly measured under almost identical circumstances.The Cronbach's alpha was calculated for each construct to determine the scale reliability.Thurston and McNall (2010) reported that Cronbach's alpha should range from the lowest of 0.68 and to the highest of 0.93.The Total Rewards Scale results (0.822).

Data analysis
Data were analysed with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 24).Descriptive statistics was used to analyse biographical information.Initially, demographic data of the subjects, frequencies and the scores of the overall work-related factors as well as measures of central tendency were established.Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression were computed on all the variables.

Ethical considerations
The study accompanied a letter explaining the ethical considerations involved, notably that participating in the study was a voluntary exercise and that the respondents could withdraw from the study at any point.

Results
The following results will be presented: correlation and regression analysis.

Research question 1 and hypothesis 1
In order to answer the first research question to determine the relationship between total rewards and organisational commitment and hypothesis 1, correlation analysis was performed to test the strength and directions of the relationship between variables as illustrated in Table 2.
Pearson correlations allowed the researcher to identify the direction and strength of the relationship between each variable.As illustrated in Table 2, significant and positive relationships were observed between variables of total rewards and organisational commitment.The results of the correlation indicate a positive and significant relationship between the elements of total rewards and organisational commitment (performance management, 0.387; recognition, 0.335; talent development and career opportunities, 0.328; compensation, 0.231; benefits, 0.213; work-life balance, 0.024).The results in Table 2 reveal a positive and significant relationship between organisational commitment and four elements of total rewards (performance management, recognition, talent development and career opportunities, compensation and benefits).No significant relationship between work-life balance and organisational commitment was observed.This reveals that academic employees in higher education institutions will be committed if these elements of total rewards are provided by the employer.
Based on the results in Table 2, the relationship between total rewards and organisational commitment is positive and the hypothesis is accepted that total rewards is positively related to organisational commitment.Pallant (2010) explains that the strength of the association between variables depends on the size (whether positive or negative) of the correlation value.A value ranging from 0.10 to 0.29 denotes a small relationship, values between 0.30 and 0.49 represent a medium relationship and a value of 0.5-1.0depicts a strong relationship between the variables.
Multivariate regression analysis was undertaken to determine the effects of total rewards on organisational commitment among academic staff.In Table 3, the regression model summary and ANOVA results are reported.Regression analysis is a statistical technique that focuses on investigating and modelling the relationship between variables (Montgomery, Peck & Vining, 2012).Regression analysis aids to measure the relative strength of an independent variable on a dependent variable.
As illustrated in Table 3, the significant F-ratio infers that the regression model predicts effects of total rewards.The value of R 2 indicates that the model tested is significant, that is, value of R 2 is 0.523, which means that there is 52.3% relationship between independent variable (total rewards) and dependent variable (organisational commitment).Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2011) suggested that R 2 > 0.5 indicates a strong model fit.Therefore, these results confirm that total rewards have a greater impact on organisational commitment.
Additionally, regression was conducted as to evaluate the independent variables prediction of organisational commitment and is delineated in Table 4.

Discussion
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of total rewards on organisational commitment among academic staff in higher education institutions.This was important as there is paucity on the studies that deals with impact of total rewards in higher education institutions.The findings in the current study reveal that performance management has a significant and positive relationship with organisational commitment.This finding is in line with the results of Abrokwah and Ge (2017) and Asamany and Shaorong (2018).In addition, the findings of the present study demonstrated the relationship between total rewards and organisational commitment.Moreover, these findings are in line with findings of Obicci (2015); Eslami and Gharakhani (2012) reported strong association between job-related factors, which include compensation and organisational commitment.Work-and job-related features are powerfully related to organisational commitment (Al-Kahtani, 2012).Saeed et al. (2013) reported that compensation and job characteristics have a weak positive and significant impact on organisational commitment, but career development has insignificant impact on organisational commitment.Saqib, Abrar, Sabir, Bashir and Baig's (2015) study indicated that there is a relationship between the tangible, intangible rewards and organisational commitment.
The empirical results supported the relationship between the tangible rewards and organisational commitment.These findings showed that rewards had a positive and significant impact on the organisational commitment, which are in line with the literature.The Ndungu (2017) study reported that recognition and career opportunities are associated with increased performance among employees, which will enable them to be committed to their employer.In addition, Ndungu (2017) attests that if employees are not satisfied with salaries and fringe benefits, they will have no choice other than to look for alternative organisations that will be providing better salaries and benefits.Cao, Chen and Song's (2013) study confirms that total rewards elements (compensation, benefits, work-life balance, performance management and recognition, talent development and career opportunities) can be used to reduce turnover intention among employees.If total rewards are implemented fairly, employees can be committed to the organisation.Performance management specialists over the years have learnt that for organisations to achieve outstanding results in the competitive environment, practice of performance management is required.Thus, effective performance management system will aid organisations to improve organisational commitment and talent retention.Greene (2011) concurs that rewarding performance equitably and effectively is critical for organisations that aim to enforce organisational commitment.Chelangat and Gachunga (2016) affirm that total reward practices play a pivotal role in organisational commitment  among employees.Total rewards change the way employees think about work, and attracts and retains high-performing employees.If organisations want to increase organisational commitment, they should review their reward management practices (Chelangat & Gachunga, 2016).The current study is in line with the study of Cheah, Chong, Yeo and Pee (2016) which revealed that talent development and compensation significantly affect organisational commitment.Korir and Kipkebut (2016) reported a positive significant relationship between total rewards and organisational commitment.The study suggested that financial rewards have an effect on organisational commitment and suggested that universities should carry out salary revisions in order to develop a reward management structure that is externally competitive, internally fair and consistent with the current acceptable international rates.Research by Zaitouni, Sawalha and Sharif (2011) suggests that employees who are provided with benefits, such as increased salary, bonuses and promotion, develop strong feelings of loyalty to the organisation.Perceptions of fair rewards and justice lead to higher levels of satisfaction and long-term commitment too.

Implications for managers and recommendations
The findings of this study, which support previous studies in the area, have significant implications as it further confirmed that total rewards impact organisational commitment.These results have implications to managers because they have to encourage and promote total rewards in order to enforce talent retention within higher education institutions for the benefit of both institutions and employees.Moreover, higher education institutions need to create an environment in which employees can work effectively.Recognising and rewarding employees effectively will further increase commitment among academics.Lastly, performance management cannot be overlooked as it has been done previously, this study reveal a great influence in ensuring organisational commitment and talent retention.

Conclusion
For higher education institutions to attract, retain and motivate talent, sound rewards strategy needs to be formulated.Total rewards can be used to retain talent.In addition, performance management should be improved as it influences organisational commitment among academic staff.
Results of the present study can be used to craft a rewards strategy aimed at retaining high-performing resources.
UOT, universities of technology.

TABLE 4 :
Contribution of independent variables for predicting organisational commitment.Statistically significant at p < 0.05. *,

TABLE 3 :
Regression and model summary and analysis of variance results.